1. Department of Orthopaedics, Ulin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Lambung   Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin 70232, Indonesia
2. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia
3. Department of Orthopaedics, Syaiful Anwar General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang 65122, Indonesia
4. Department of Orthopaedics, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
5. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia
6. Division of Nanomaterial Sciences, EcoTopia Science Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan

Received 31 October 2011; Accepted 25 December 2011

Academic Editor: Jameela Banu

Copyright © 2012 Zairin Noor et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Clinical research indicates that negative calcium balance is associated with low bone mass, rapid bone loss, and high fracture rates. However, some studies revealed that not only calcium is involved in bone strengthening as risk factor of fracture osteoporosis. Thus, in this report, the difference of metallic and nonmetallic elements in osteoporosis and normal bones was studied by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS). The influence of these elements on bone metabolic processes is also discussed. Inclusion criteria of bone samples consist of postmenopausal woman, trabecular bone fracture, normal and osteoporosis BMD value, and no history of previous disease. The results showed that the concentration of B, Al, S, V, Co, Mo, Te, Ba, La, Ni, As, and Ca/P ratio is higher in osteoporosis than normal. These atomic minerals have negative role to imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation activity. Conversely, concentrations of Na, Mg, P, K, Ca, Cr, Pd, Ag, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Pb, and Se are lower in osteoporosis than in normal bones. Among these atoms, known to have important roles in bone structure, we found involvement of atomic mineral and calcium which are considerable to contribute to osteoporotic phenomena.

Full publication text : The Scientific World Journal

In a Toronto laboratory, an experiment on mice is seeking to answer a question that could turn conventional wisdom on its head: Can tobacco cure cancer?

The plant best known for its negative health effects has been genetically engineered to create a drug comparable to Herceptin that could one day be used to treat highly aggressive breast cancers at a lower cost.That development is part of a plant-based trend in pharmaceuticals. It is based on the belief that proteins can be made faster, cheaper and easier, allowing patients in remote parts of the world to gain access to medicines once unaffordable. And it’s not just tobacco. Plants being tested as biological drugs sound like they belong not in the laboratory but in the vegetable section at the health-food store: carrots for Gaucher’s disease, duckweed – those green flecks on top of ponds – to treat hepatitis C, and safflower to make insulin.

“One day we’re going to be able to grow these antibodies in plants like tobacco,” said Leigh Revers, the associate director of the master of biotechnology program at the University of Toronto. “…The question is can you make this drug identically the same as the other guy and prove it’s safe?”

Don Stewart, president and chief executive officer of PlantForm Corp. based in Guelph, Ont., whose company is running animal studies on tobacco, thinks so. The key, he said, is to remove sugars from the protein molecule, which can cause adverse side effects in humans, adding that using plants is a way of thinking “that’s enjoying a resurgence at the moment.”

In this case, the process takes place in Kentucky, where the tobacco is engineered, then cut and pounded with a giant screw, similar to those used in food manufacturing. From there, a pulp resembling crème de menthe is made; out of that extract, the drug is purified. It’s this act of purification that transforms it into a potentially cancer-curing drug.

A hearty plant with leaves the size of elephants ears, tobacco can be grown close together, inside a greenhouse or out. And it is not part of the food chain like corn, so there is no danger of viruses getting into the food supply.

“The beauty is being able to produce a very sophisticated protein-based drug in a bioreactor in a plant that basically requires fertilizer, water and sunlight,” said Michael McLean, director of research at PlantForm. “It’s as simple as possible for a manufacturing process.”

The developers have a long way to go – animal studies just began Jan. 26. Human studies with as many as 50 people aren’t slated to take place until late 2013, followed by a larger trial of up to 400 subjects in 2014. Still, Mr. Stewart believes the lower projected cost of the drug – $20,000 to $28,000 – will be attractive globally, something he will have to prove against four other competitors vying for that part of the cancer-treatment market.

Herceptin (the trade name for trastuzumab) is used to treat people with HER-2 positive breast cancer – about 20 to 25 per cent of breast-cancer patients. It has turned one of the most aggressive forms of the disease into one of the most treatable, though at a high cost: about $40,000 for a course of treatment, which consists of intravenous medication provided every three weeks for one year.

The drug comes off patent in Europe in 2014 and in North America in 2017.

Making a bio-similar drug is like making a generic – but not exactly: It isn’t a perfect copy like a chemically made compound, but it should come close and perform comparably well. While these types of drugs are intended to reach patients faster – it takes five to six years instead of 15 years to make a brand-name drug – their makers still must show that their product is safe and efficacious.

Typically, government regulators, which license and approve drugs, don’t look at how innovative the process is but merely whether the generic version looks the same under a microscope as the brand-name version. Herceptin is made in a bio-reactor from mammalian cells that have been originally derived from a Chinese hamster, not a plant.

“They have managed to engineer it so that it’s more human-like,” said Dr. Turner, who holds a PhD in chemistry. “It [tobacco] could be a great vehicle for producing all sorts of biological medicines, but I think it still could be 10 years away.”

link: The Globe and Mail

A FACT SHEET PREPARED BY

The International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology www.iaomt.org

Dr. Rashid Buttar testified before congress that “the association of mercury to chronic diseases is well documented in the didactic scientific literature. The search for the association between mercury and cardiovascular disease reveals 358 scientific papers exemplifying the relationship; between mercury and cancer we find 643 scientific papers. The association of mercury with neurodegenerative diseases is the most significant, with the references numbering 1,445.” The official position currently is that there is “some” evidence that methylmercury can cause cancer in humans.  The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified methylmercury as “possibly carcinogenic to humans”.

Lead and aluminum are other common heavy metals that have been shown to dramatically increase the toxicity of mercury. Interestingly, lead is the final end product of the step by step radioactive decay of uranium, no wonder it’s so toxic. Medical researchers are still trying to understand the numerous processes by which various heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, etc.) contribute to carcinogenesis but everywhere in officialdom we find ridiculous doubts about their effects especially when it comes to mercury and its high state of toxicity.

It has been shown that mercury rapidly depletes the immune system. Mercury has also been shown to induce auto-immune diseases. Anything that depletes and disturbs the immune system will increase one’s chances of contracting cancer. Mercury binds with hemoglobin, which is responsible for oxygen transport to the tissues. This results in less oxygen reaching the tissues when the body is polluted with mercury. We don’t have to look far in understanding how a heavy metal like mercury can eventually lead one to cancer’s door.

“There is no safe level of mercury, and no one has actually shown that there is a safe level,” said Dr. Lars Friberg, Chief Adviser to the WHO on mercury safety. Survival Medicine for the 21st Century (2,200 page compendium) has a two hundred page section called The Rising Tide of Mercury because mercury toxicity needs to be factored into all notions of health and disease today. According to the observations made by the internationally recognized medical researcher, Yoshiaki Omura, MD, all cancer cells have mercury in them.

Dr. Hans Nolte wrote, “The wave spectrum of mercury contains more than thirteen wavelengths, whereas only one or two frequencies or wavelengths are usually observed for the other heavy or noble metals.”[1] It is Dr. Nolte’s belief that the many harmful effects of mercury could be explained to some degree on the basis of this great variety of wavelengths. Dr. Omura’s clinical observation concludes that one of the primary reasons cancer returns is because residual mercury reignites a pathological environment even after surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and alternative therapies report a positive effect.

Heavy metals clog up receptor sites, break and bend sulfur bonds in
important enzymes like insulin, damage the DNA and in general
muck up everything and anything to do with healthy biological life.

There is a growing body of scientific research that suggests heavy metals contribute to carcinogenesis by inducing/increasing oxidative stress.[2] Oxidative stress damages DNA and can lead to mutations which promote cancer.[3],[4],[5] Heavy metals also disrupt the process of Apoptosis (programmed cell death).[6] Apoptosis is vital for safe removal of sick/unhealthy cells, including cells that may become cancerous.

Heavy metals create contaminated environments both inside and outside the cells. These environments attract all kinds of pathogens – viruses, bacteria and fungi. Some say many cancers are caused by infections others say cancer is an infection and others will insist until they reach their graves that cancer is strictly human cells running amuck with their DNA gone crazy. That many doctors believe this it does not make it true.

Our definition of cancer is a little more broad minded than blaming malfunctioning human DNA as the sole cause of cancer. Cancer is a prime example of how heavy metal toxicity, free radical damage, pathogen infection, mineral and vitamin deficiencies, inflammation, mitochondria dysfunction, immune system depression, genetic mutation, cell wall damage and oxidative stress all come together into an end stage life threatening condition. Cancer treatment can be approached in many ways but the best way would be to address all these problems simultaneously.

Cancer and Mercury Laden Dental Amalgam

Most of our cancer patients have
a lot of amalgam dental fillings.
Professor W Kostler

Mercury vapors in the mouth which spreads mercury to all points in the body, increased use of antibiotics, periodontal disease, inappropriate oral care, yeast and fungal overgrowth, and decreasing immune strength are all colliding and reinforcing each other in a downward spiral that leads to chronic diseases and cancer. Each year in the U.S. an estimated 40 tons of mercury are used to prepare mercury-amalgam dental restorations. Scientific studies have concluded that the amalgam is the source for more than two thirds of the mercury in our human population. On a daily basis each amalgam releases on the order of 10 micrograms of mercury into the body. This mercury either accumulates in the body or is excreted via urine and feces into our wastewater systems.

Mercury from amalgam fillings has been shown to be neurotoxic,
embryotoxic, mutagenic, teratogenic, immunotoxic and clastogenic.
It is capable of causing immune dysfunction and auto-immune diseases.
Dr. Robert Gammal

Dentists and their parent dental associations are loath to inform patients that the mercury they place in the mouth is a deadly poison that negatively influences not only their oral environments but total body physiology as well. This is a shame that the majority of dentists will take to their grave. “Mercury is one of the most potent chemical inhibitors of thiol-sensitive enzymes and mercury vapour easily penetrates into the central nervous system,” writes Dr. Boyd Haley who goes on to say, “Amalgams leak mercury, this is a fact that any chemistry department can confirm. We have made amalgam fillings outside of the mouth, placed these fillings in sterile water for 15 minutes to several hours. We then tested this water for toxicity to tubulin and creatine kinase. The result was that the solutions in which amalgams were soaked (even for fifteen minutes) were extremely toxic. This work is supported by reports doing similar experiments at the University of Michigan Dental School where they described solutions in which amalgams were soaked as being ‘extremely cytotoxic.’

It is estimated that an amalgam filling will release up to half of
its mercury content over a ten year period (50% corrosion rate).
Dr. Robert Gammal

Dr. Hal A. Huggins stated that amalgam fillings can devastate human health. The most common form of exposure to mercury is by inhalation of vapor and there is widespread general agreement that this leads to a slowly developing and insidious poisoning, which at first yields psychic and other general effects that are vague and difficult to diagnose. Yet dentists have continued to expose children to the toxic effects of mercury.

Periodontitis, Mercury and Candida

According to an article recently published in the Archives of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, chronic periodontitis is associated with an increased risk of developing cancer of the tongue among men. Researchers at the University at Buffalo and Roswell Park Cancer Institute have found the same thing. Another recent study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute linked periodontal disease to pancreatic cancer as well. “Our study provides the first strong evidence that periodontal disease may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer,” said Dr Dominique Michaud of the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, who led the research. Men with a history of periodontal disease had a 64 per cent increased risk of pancreatic cancer than men with no such history.

And increased severity of periodontitis, for example with recent tooth loss, had the greatest risk. People with periodontal disease have an increased level of inflammatory markers such as C reactive protein (CRP) in their blood. These markers are part of an early immune system response to persistent inflammation and have been linked to the development of pancreatic cancer. It is the high levels of carcinogenic compounds (especially mercury) that are present in the mouths of people with periodontal disease that increases risk of pancreatic cancer.

Mercury is invisible in vapor form. The FDA says it’s everywhere. People with mercury fillings suffer VAPORS FROM HELL in their mouths, fumes from their mercury dental fillings that rise up from their teeth 24/7 with more powerful bursts when chewing or drinking hot fluids. Mercury vapors play havoc on the body through a host of means the least of which is to feed the bacteria, fungi and yeasts that thrive on mercury. Mercury will promote the growth of Candida, though as it adsorbs the mercury it thereby protects the system to a certain extent from its toxicity until they are saturated then they begin to re-release the mercury in organic form.

The list of organisms that have the highest affinity for toxic metals
reads like a “who’s who” of our typical human infectious diseases:
fungi of the Candida species, streptococci, staphylococci, amoebas, etc.
Dr. Dietrich Klinghardt

Candida (yeast) overgrowth, which is very difficult to get rid of, is also associated with mercury in the mouth. Dr. Tullio Simoncini insists cancer is intimately linked to Candida overgrowth and that life threatening tumors are actually fungi colonies sucking up all available nutrients. The general line of thought though is the body produces yeast as a defense against excess metals. The yeast cell binds and absorbs its own weight in mercury and prevents it from entering the blood stream. Dr. J. Trowbridge has written in his book “The Yeast Syndrome,” that some doctors specializing in Candida treatment have reported to him that they have discovered clinically that 98% of their patients with chronic Candida also had mercury toxicity.

When we look at the fungal and yeast infections that are an integral aspect of cancer we should begin to understand the desperate need to include chelation of mercury in each and every cancer treatment. Mercury fed Candida become more and more virulent and eventually penetrates and roots into the intestinal walls and invades the cells. These fungal microorganisms become quite at home in the cell, and can easily be considered a principle characteristic of cancer. Sodium bicarbonate, which is proving to be effective against cancer, is lethal to yeasts and fungi growths because it increases the flow of Oxygen to all cells including the cancer cells that thrive on Oxygen’s absence.

Bone Cancer

Some 65% to 75% of advanced breast and prostate cancer patients eventually suffer bone metastases so there is an immense need for a medicinal that will reach into the bones. The resulting swelling and fractures can cause excruciating pain and may require radiation, chemotherapy, or amputation. To ease the agony and strengthen the bones, doctors prescribed $1.4 billion worth of a bone-boosting drug called Zometa, from Novartis in 2008. The only treatment that will reach down to the bones is sodium bicarbonate. Intravenous application is ineffective but one can throw oneself into bathtubs full of several pounds of baking soda and magnesium salts and take the bicarbonate also orally to radically change the pH in all the tissues including the bones. Sodium bicarbonate increases CO2 levels which also will have the effect of increasing Oxygen to the tissues.

Antibiotics as a Cause of Cancer?

When we consider mercury as one of the basic causes of cancer we can begin to review our estimates on iatrogenic death and disease. Mercury weakens the immune system and leaves people vulnerable to acute infection. Mercury is often at the heart of periodontitis and many other diseases yet the vast majority of dentists, the American Dental Association and the FDA are still in denial. It is bad enough that they plant the mercury in the mouth but then they add insult and injury by prescribing, as they do, antibiotics that make the entire situation worse with the yeasts and fungus. Fungal overgrowth occurs because its natural competitors have been removed, which easily becomes the case with antibiotic usage.

Iatrogenic dentistry is a new concept that has yet to be explored but already a great part of the civilized world understands the incredible stupidity and cruelty of fluoridated water, toothpaste and fluoride treatments at the dental clinic and the continued widespread use of mercury containing dental amalgam. Harvard University Medical Center is just one of many universities that recognize fluoride as a cause of cancer. If one wants to study the basic elements of terrorism one need look no further than the people and organizations that support the fluoridation of public water supplies and those who insist on putting mercury in peoples’ and children’s mouths. It is very difficult to accept the devastating reality about what dentists have done to humanity.

It’s impossible for the government to be honest about mercury pollution because they themselves sponsor injecting mercury directly into the blood stream with their flu vaccines and the government still supports its use in dentistry no matter how dangerous it is. Doctors and dentists have a hard time coming clean about their public betrayal. “I don’t feel comfortable using a substance designated by the Environmental Protection Agency to be a waste disposal hazard. I can’t throw it in the trash, bury it in the ground, or put it in a landfill, but they say it is OK to put it in people’s mouths. That doesn’t make sense.”—Richard. Fischer, D.D.S

Mercury Rising

A primary route for the toxicity of mercury, cadmium and nickel
is depletion of glutathione and bonding to sulfhydryl groups
of proteins. Arsenic (As) is thought to bind directly to critical thiols.

It is through mercury’s attack on these sulfide bonds (SH) that mercury is able to transform the biological properties of proteins and change important physiological functions. Mercury is attracted to ‘active sites’ on genetic code molecules called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The inter-relationships between cancer and mercury deserve much more attention as mercury is bioaccumulating in the environment becoming more prevalent globally.

“Thiol poisons, especially mercury and its compounds, reacting with SH groups of proteins lead to the lowered activity of various enzymes containing sulfhydryl groups. This produces a series of disruptions in the functional activity of many organs and tissues of the organism,” writes Professor I.M. Trakhtenberg from Russia.

“Mercury is like the 200 pound bully attacking a 7 pound baby; the small baby doesn’t have much of a chance. 200 and 7 are the molecular weights of mercury (the bully) and lithium (the baby) respectively,” says Dr. Thomas Nissen. Mercury is the most toxic non radioactive element but it does share toxic properties of uranium and thus lead.

Every physician knows that radiation can lead to cancer. What they don’t know is how heavy metals and radiation share similar toxic pathways on a chemical level. For example, “Depleted (DU) uranium is highly toxic to humans, both chemically as a heavy metal and radiological as an alpha particle emitter, is very dangerous when taken internally,” writes Dr. Rosalie Bertell, Canadian Epidemiologist.[7] A new study, conducted by biochemist Dr. Diane Stearns at Northern Arizona University confirms that, separate from any radiation risks, cells exposed to uranium will bond with the metal chemically.[8] Uranium and phosphate have a strong chemical affinity for each other and the DNA and Mitochondria are loaded with phosphate so uranium is a DNA and Mitochondria deep penetration bomb. The uranium is attacking on fundamental cellular levels while mercury offers a knock out punch by attacking the sulfur bonds besides being highly toxic to nerve cells.

Both mercury and uranium oxide are floating in the
environment like invisible clouds that have spread out everywhere.
They are raining down on us, damaging and damning our future.

Simultaneous exposure to mercury and uranium shows markedly increased damage to the kidneys than when exposure is to each metal singly. Insulin has three sulfur-containing cross-linkages and the insulin receptor has a tyrosine kinase-containing sulfur bond, which are the preferred targets for binding by both mercury and lead. Should mercury attach to one of these three sulfur bonds it will interfere with the normal biological function of the insulin molecule. Nephrotoxicity of the kidneys with necrosis of proximal tubules has been seen to increase significantly with dual exposure to both uranium and mercury.[9] In February, 2007 The Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) reported that the number of new cases of kidney failure jumped 114 per cent. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem.[10]

At Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, researcher Don York has used baking soda to clean soil contaminated with uranium. Sodium bicarbonate binds with uranium, separating it from the dirt; so far, York has removed as much as 92 percent of the uranium from contaminated soil samples.

Dr. Paul R. Epstein of Harvard Medical School released a report about the severe health impacts of coal on Kentuckians. Because of Kentucky’s 22 coal-burning power plants, every mile of Kentucky waterways flow with unsafe levels of mercury, the leading cause of birth defects in this country. The risk of death for people living within 30 miles of a power plant is three to four times greater than for those living further away. In Kentucky, 811,993 children live within that 30-mile radius. Of the chemicals known to be used while processing coal, 19 are cancer-causing and 24 are linked to lung and heart disease.

In principal we are trying to understand the living system using the modern physic theory. We do understand that many people are in doubts curiosity since the logical manner for the discussion is at the subatomic level. In fact, we are really inspired by the Dr. Fritjof Capra’s thought presented at First Biennial International Seminar on the Philosophical of Complexity Theory in Havana (January 2002). The full paper of his thought is written in a book entitled “Reframing complexity, Perspective from the North to South”. We can also find further inquiries of the ideas in his other book entitled “The Tao of Physics”. We are interested in a complexity science approach which may help our understanding of the unity of dynamics of non-living and living phenomena. A complexity theory together with relativity theory and quantum mechanics, phenomenology and cognitivism has led further to recognize the inseparability of subject and object of cognition.

We consider this complexity concepts cover self-organization and edge-of-chaos phenomena in the living systems. As may we know that in the basic process of life (called metabolism), there is ceaseless flow of energy and matter through a network of chemical reactions, which enables a living organism to continually generate, repair and perpetuate itself. Thermodynamically, the ordered structure of the living system is maintained by continually exert entropy to the outside of the system. The characteristic of living system is that they are self-generating. Our experience in introducing tubulin proteins isolated from bovine brain, which can be polymerized into microtubule of both in vitro as well as in sea urchin cells, then also autonomously disassembled at the end of the biological events (namely anaphase stage of the mitosis), indicated that the tubulin has the idea of where, when and to whom it may contact with to proceed role in a living system.

In case of Balur treatment, our technique aimed to leach free radicals overwhelmingly produced in unhealthy body, we realized a Mandelbrot set of crystals of Balur liquid after rubbed over the human body. The Balur waste proceeds self- producing structures when it is either freeze or dried. Since the chemicals used in Balur can only proceeds self-producing structures after it was rubbed over the human skin, we consider that they may interact with components coming out from the human bodies. The chemical analytic procedures done indicate some heavy metals such as Mercury enabled to be pulled out from the body and persist in the waste. We also realized that the electrical current from the copper plate move into the ground shows more and more patterned order as much as the repeating number of balur treatments. The electrical current pattern indicates the improving metabolicorder of the patients. We also observe and analyze the existing metal radicals as well as possible existing biradicals in the waste using Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Apparatus. The data indicates some characteristic of the ESR pattern of the waste can be concluding to be relating with the kind of diseases. We are now use ESR patterns to diagnose of improving conditions of the patients.

In case of cigarette smoke, our opinion is in regard with nano-particulates of the smokes. Please note that we used cigarette commonly formulated as Kretek cigarette, a special Indonesian cigarette. The, cigarette is not only containing tobacco leaves but also clove and some other plant materials used for traditional medicine. We add some chemical scavenger to formulate the cigarette which is mostly aromatic compounds enables to develop biradicals complex structures with the smoke components when it is burned. The aromatic compounds used in the formulation designed to involve in these complex structures without involving the chemical bonding capacities, but they use their magnetic and paramagnetic as well as diamagnetic capacities. As it may seen in the web-site, we hypothesized complex particulates of the smoke which is drawn below, are rich with electron dense. The smoke of these cigarettes can also develop Mandelbrot set of crystals when introduced to some amino acids indicating a self-producing structures capacity. In the term of metabolic logic this complex particulate are having high energetic potential to transfer electron.

This is mostly similar character with some other biological complex structures having role on transferring and carrying electron such as Chlorophyll, Cytochrome as well as Hemoglobin.

Pusat Studi Nano Biologi, Universitas Brawijaya

A. Latar Belakang dan Dasar Inovasi

Mengingat kretek merupakan bagian dari budaya dan merupakan bagian dari masalah nasional yang pelik menyangkut aspek isu kesehatan, maka Kelompok Studi UB bekerjasama dengan Lembaga Penelitian Peluruhan Radikal Bebas berusaha ikut memecahkan permasalahan. Dari kompetensi yang kami miliki, dan dari hasil telaah penelitian tentang asap rokok selama ini, kita berkesimpulan untuk tidak semata-mata menggunakan kajian berbasis Kimia Analitik dan kajian Biologi yang reduksionistik, seperti yang selama ini dipakai untuk mendiskusikan dampak asap rokok terhadap kesehatan. Kita berusaha mengembangkan cara berfikir berbeda dengan membangun konsep Kretek Sehat menggunakan titik pandang baru yang basisnya adalah pemikiran yang lebih holistik dan fundamental dengan memanfaatkan pengetahuan di bidang Fisika Modern dikombinasikan dengan Biologi Sel dan Molekuler. Asap selanjutnya dikaji dengan memandangnya sebagai kumpulan partikel organik dan mendiskusikannya dengan memperhatikan sifat magnetik dari setiap konfigurasi atomik dan molekulernya, agar dapat mengarah pada perolehan kesimpulan untuk dasar inovasi teknologi pengurangan dampak negatif merokok.

Asap rokok sering dinilai sebagai penyebab berbagai masalah kesehatan karena dapat menimbulkan berbagai penyakit fisiologis maupun genetik. Kesimpulan ini sudah dipublikasikan di banyak sekali hasil penelitian. Namun demikian ada beberapa hal yang perlu dicermati dari hasil-hasil penelitian yang sudah sangat banyak tersebut, dan ternyata ada beberapa kelemahan yang perlu kita pertimbangkan sebelum kita memakainya  untuk membuat keputusan, kebijakan maupun fatwa. Catatan kami menunjukkan hal-hal sebagai berikut yang perlu diperhatikan dan dipertimbangkan:

Pertama:

Asap rokok termasuk Kretek mengandung komponen kimiawi yang jenisnya dapat mencapai puluhan ribu komponen. Komponen-komponen kimia yang terdapat dalam asap rokok terbukti membentuk partikulasi antara 1 sampai 10.000 nanometer (nm) (Lidia et al, 1996, Ning et al., 2006, Wayne et al., 2005, Wardoyo (disertasi), 2008). Partkel-partikel ini terbentuk dari gabungan senyawa-senyawa organik dalam asap. Senyawa-senyawa tersebut memiliki potensi gaya magnetik dan elektromagnetik, dengan demikian  komponen-komponen kimia khususnya yang bersifat aromatik di ujung batang rokok yang  bersuhu 400-600^oC dapat membentuk partikel (polimer). Secara sendiri-sendiri komponen-komponen kimia asap itu bisa jadi berbahaya, namun dalam bentuk partikulasi yang merupakan gabungan komponen-komponen belum tentu berbahaya. Pembentukan polimer gabungan secara teoritis akan membentuk sifat gabungan yang berbeda dengan sifat masing-masing komponen (Albert et al., 1996). Dengan memakai pandangan ini, sesungguhnya terlalu dini bila hasil analisis kimia tentang kandungan asap kretek langsung dihubungkan dan disimpulkan sebagai dampak negatip asap kretek terhadap kesehatan atau sistem biologis pada umumnya.

Pada dasarnya senyawa-senyawa yang ada pada asap rokok adalah senyawa aromatis, beberapa diantaranya dianggap mempunyai gugus radikal yang dapat bereaksi dengan senyawa-senyawa penyusun tubuh. Berbagai kandungan  kimia dalam asap rokok seperti benzapyren, nikotin karbon monooksida dan lain-lain merupakan senyawa kimia yang dianggap memiliki kemampuan bereaksi dan mengganggu dalam tubuh manusia (Novello, S, and  E. Baldin, 2006, Sumitro, 1996). Pandangan inilah yang kemudian dipakai sebagai dasar penjelasan mengapa muncul penyakit pada perokok yang dikonfirmasi dari hasil eksperimen laboratorium dengan hewan coba yang diasapi dengan asap rokok. Pada hal di sisi lain, senyawa-senyawa yang terkandung dalam asap rokok tersebut juga merupakan bagian yang memunculkan cita rasa kenikmatan merokok.

Kedua:

Banyaknya orang di Indonesia merokok yang tetap sehat dan beberapa studi yang sering dianggap kontroversial seperti studi yang dilakukan oleh James E. Enstrom, Ph.D., M.P.H dari UCLA, sesungguhnya cukup memberikan signal kemungkinan adanya sifat positip asap rokok yang perlu kita kenali. Sementara itu kita tidak punya data primer yang dibangun dari hasil survei dengan pendekatan pengambilan data berbasis populasi (population based sampling method). Artinya kita belum memiliki penelitian tentang dampak merokok ini dengan menggunakan sampel perokok (dapat difokuskan di Kretek), dan bukannya sampel dari orang sakit yang datang di rumah sakit (hospital base sampling method). Mengingat besaran dampak masalahnya, maka sangat perlu untuk melakukan penelitian bersifat population based survei secara mandiri berskala nasional yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah untuk tujuan menakar dampak Kretek secara komprehensif dan cermat serta tepat.

Ketiga:

Rokok Kretek adalah rokok khas Indonesia yang berbeda dengan rokok dan cerutu yang sudah banyak diteliti di Barat. Belum pernah ada penelitian yang komprehensif secara khusus ditujukan untuk menakar dampak rokok kretek ini. Penelitian yang ada umumnya bersifat parsial, sektorial dan belum memberikan nuansa secara holistik. Dampak rokok ini perlu diukur dan ditakar dengan memperhatikan aspek secara keseluruhan baik dari aspek kesehatan, ekonomi, sosial, budaya sampai dengan dampaknya di aspek psikologi sosial maupun individual. Benarkah Kretek menyebabkan ketagihan (adiksi?), ataukah sebaliknya, Kretek memang diperlukan oleh orang-orang yang sedang dalam kondisi Psikologis tidak baik (stres, tertekan)? Hal ini perlu diteliti lebih jauh

B. Penyebab Masalah Adalah Radikal Bebas Khususnya Merkuri

Kami memiliki logika pemikiran berbeda tentang efek asap rokok ini hubungannya dengan kesehatan. Kami menaruh kecurigaan terhadap radikal bebas akibat pembakaran tidak sempurna (Richard R. Baker, 2006), dan keberadaan merkuri dalam tembakau dan lingkungan (Zahar, G. 2006). Publikasi-publikasi tentang kemungkinan peran merkuri dalam menimbulkan bahaya dalam merokok beberapa kali muncul (Michael J. Et al., 2002, Qun Hu, et al., 2003), namun kurang memperoleh perhatian. Pada hal melihat sifat merkuri yang luar biasa mustinya harus dicurigai. Sifat merkuri cenderung membentuk senyawa biradikal dan memiliki wilayah medan gaya sangat besar dan terus-menerus secara otomatis dapat membesar dalam bentuk gas dengan perilakukanya yang bagaikan siluman (relativistik) (Hess, B, 1990, Sumitro, S.B., and G. Zahar, 2010, Sumitro, SB., 2011). Dengan demikian, fakta sebarannya yang sangat luas di Biosfir maupun penggunaannya yang sangat luas dalam kehidupan manusia (seperti kosmetik, pertambangan, pewarna, dan tambalan gigi), peran merkuri sebagai penyebab utama gangguan kesehatan dari asap rokok sangat perlu dipertimbangkan. Apalagi saat ini intensitas sinar UV matahari jenis C yang semakin intensif sampai ke permukaan bumi akibat dari adanya kerusakan lapisan ozon di lapisan atas atmosfir, kami menduga kuat merkuri menjadi sangat mudah mengalami transisi elektron dan teraktifkan untuk membentuk berbagai inisiatif gangguan terhadap sistem kehidupan di bumi. Atas dasar inilah, kami cenderung berpendapat bahwa penyebab utama gangguan kesehatan (sebagai biangnya masalah) adalah radikal bebas khususnya atom-atom logam berat seperti merkuri dan bukannya senyawa-senyawa organik dalam asap rokok.

C. Beberapa  Temuan Awal yang Sudah Kami Miliki

Menghilangkan radikal bebas terutama unsur merkuri dan logam berat dalam Kretek, adalah strategi kami dalam membuat asap Kretek jauh lebih aman. Lebih dari itu, setelah radikal bebas dapat dijinakkan dalam asap, keberadaan partikel yang merupakan polimer gabungan komponen organik diperkirakan justru cenderung menyehatkan. Dari hasil simulasi dengan computer software crystal makers yang kami lakukan, partikel-partikel tersebut dapat berpeluang memberdayakan energi unsur merkuri yang terperangkap di dalamnya untuk didonasikan ke dalam system fisiologis tubuh dalam bentuk transport elektron skala milli Volt. Dari dasar berfikir seperti inilah kita membuat inovasi Kretek Sehat (divine Kretek) dan tidak menghilangkan unsur nikmatnya.

Merkuri adalah radikal bebas yang berada dalam fase gas dan memiliki sifat relatifistik. Sifat-sifatnya ini ditambah lagi sifatnya sebagai logam berat yang khas dan kemungkinan peluangnya yang besar untuk membentuk Plumbum atau Aurum artificial, jauh lebih reaktif dibandingkan senyawa-senyawa tersebut di atas (Hess B., 1990).  Kami memiliki teknik merubah sifat merkuri dari keberadaannya di dalam senyawa-senyawa aromatis yang terkandung dalam rokok, serta mengikatnya agar lebih tenang. Hasilnya adalah asap rokok yang lebih tenang dengan partikel yang lebih kecil, tidak berbau dan dapat menjernihkan ruangan berasap. Berbagai hasil eksperimen kami dengan hewan coba tidak membahayakan. Selain itu, uji coba pada perokok yang secara suka-rela menjadi probandus percobaan membuktikan bahwa Asap Kretek memperbaiki keluhan-keluhan mereka sementara  tidak mengurangi kualitas cita rasa kenikmatan merokok khususnya bagi mereka yang merokok kretek jenis mild.

Untuk selanjutnya kami ingin melangkah lebih jauh.  Kami ingin tahu bagaimana persisnya mekanisme “penjinakan” asap rokok ini, dan bagaimana mekanisme terjadinya polimerisasi struktur komplek untuk menjadi partikel agar diperoleh formulasi yang lebih mudah dan efektif untuk pengembangan Kretek Sehat.

Daftar Pustaka

1. Albert, B., D. Bray, J. Lewis, M. Raff, K. Roberts, J.D. Watson, 1994. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3rd ed.  Garland Publish., Inc. New York.
2. Bernd Hess (ed.), 1990. Relativistic Effects in Heavy-Element Chemistry and Physics. Book of Theoretical Chemistry , University of Erlangen –Nuremberg 91058 Erlangen, Germany bernd.hess@chemie.uni-erlangen.de
3. James Enstrom, 2007. Defending Legitimate Epidemiologic Research; Combating Lysenko Pseudoscience. Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations, 4:11 doi:10.1186/1742-5573-4-11
4. Lidia Morawska, Milan Jamriska, and Neville D. Bofingerb, 1997. Size characteristics and ageing of the environmental tobacco smoke. The Science of the Total Environment 196 (1997) 43—55.
5. Michael J. Chang, Reta L. McDaniel, John D. Naworal and David A. Self, 2002. A rapid method for the determination of mercury in mainstream cigarette smoke by two-stage amalgamation cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom, 2002, 17, 710–715
6. Paul R Nelson, Fred W. Conrad, Susan P. Kelly, Katherine C Maiolo, Joel D. Richardson, and Michael W. Ogden, 1997. Composition of Environtmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)from International Cigarettes Part II. Environtal International, 24 (3): 251-257.
7. Ning Z., C.S. Cheung, J. Fu, M.A. Liu, M.A. Schnell, 2006. Experimental study of environmental tobacco smoke particles under actual indoor environment. Science of the Total Environment 367 (2006) 822–830.
8. Qun Hu, Guangyu Yang, Jing Ma,  and Jikai Liu, 2003. Simultaneous Determination of Tin, Nickel, Lead, Cadmium and Mercury in Cigarette Material by Solid Phase Extraction and HPLC. Bull. Korean Chem Soc. 24 (10): 1433-1436.
9. Richard R. Baker, 2006. Smoke generation inside a burning cigarette:  Modifying combustion to develop cigarettes that may be less hazardous to health. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 32: 373–385
10. Sutiman B. Sumitro, Sri Widyarti, and Fatchiyah Fatah, 1996-1999. Benzapyren on Heat Shock Ptotein expresion in proliferative bronchioli cells of mice and rats. Program Riset Unggulan Nasional III.
11. Sutiman B. Sumitro and Gretha Zahar, 2010. The relativistic character of mercury is important factor in deteriorating the living system. ICEME,  April 6^th – 9^th, 2010 – Orlando, Florida, USA
12. Sutiman B. Sumitro, 2011. Study on biradical base complex structure: A possible way to find out natural nanoparticles from the human body. www.iiis-2011.org/iceme
13. Wayne R. Ott, and Hans C. Siegmann, 2005. Using multiple continuous fine particle monitors to characterize tobacco, incense, candle, cooking, wood burning, and vehicular sources in indoor, outdoor, and in-transit settings. Atmospheric Environment 40 (2006) 821–84.
14. Novello, S, and  E. Baldin. 2006. Women and lung cancer. Annals of Oncology 17 (Supplement 2): ii79–ii82,
15. Zahar G, 2006. Divine cigarette.com dan Balur.com

*Nanobiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145 **Free Radicals Institute, Jl. Surakarta 5, Malang 65143

A. The Basic Philosophy and Concept

This is about technology to eliminate free-radicals and to transform particulates contained in the smoke having characteristic to develop order. The idea is based on the assumption that in the biological system, life is an ordered system with internal driven activities. We consider a complexity concepts cover self-organization and edge-of-chaos phenomena in the living systems. As may we know that in the basic process of life (called metabolism), there is ceaseless flow of energy and matter through a network of chemical reactions, which enables a living organism to continually generate, repair and perpetuate itself. Thermodynamically, the ordered structure of the living system is maintained by continually exert entropy to the outside of the system. The living system is self-generating while having interacting with the environments. The ordered system is a dynamic process with homeostatic character of complex process in which simple molecules behave autonomously construct complex structure. The simple molecule, using their potentials, interact within their local relationships enable to develop higher order complex structure, and finally to emerge complex system with adaptive behavior (individual organism). On the other way round, within the process of life there is also decay as part of homeostatic character of living system (figure 1).

Figure 1: A diagram depicting complexity in living system which should be considered in every idea in developing understanding of life and medical technologies

The innovation is dealing with constructing huge molecule block (nano structure) which has sensitizer character in which thermodynamically potential to develop biological order. Molecular bio-nanostructures of tobaccos having advantages as compared to other’s smart material structures that is the intra spin-spin interaction of the conjugated di- HO•-Phenanthrenedienyl were very mobile electron. The polymers are also having high density of electron beneficial for normal biological process

When the cigarette smoke either passes through the divine filter, or the tobacco are formulated with sets of scavengers and freeze, the free radicals are filtered off, and the particulates, complex structures of non-chemically bonding interacting exited components, become smaller in their size. The smaller sized particulates are having higher electron dense, and due to its radical free-situation, they will have capacity to donate electron in which thermodynamically may enable to contribute on the development of biological order.

During the process of burning, all aromatic compounds which have sensitizer capacity tend to form ligands with metals. These aromatic compounds such as, Benzenepyrene*, exitedantracene*, and chrycene* are unstable and exited. Along with this, all heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, As and Mercuro* (Hg*) produce amalgamate*. As illustrated on the figure 1, both of sensitizer components and amalgamated metals can be induce to be exited, and they will form a stable complex structure by means of hydroxycyclohexadienyl (HCHD). The size of this complex structure can be reduced by freezing and when the free-radicals are filtered off.

Figure 2: The diagrammatic illustrating the excited amalgamated heavy metals induce interaction of aromatic compounds to form nanostructure (particulates)

Hg* or metal-Hg* always being exited, they are absorbing energy to form variety of pattern. It was reported that they have 13 kinds of electromagnetic waves. This is the basic Principe of our hypothesis about their role in inducing complex nanostructures.

Scavengers and freezing treatments

Thus, the exiting mercury is a crucial event in generating the complex structure. Since they are also known to behave as gaseous radicals, in case of cigarette smoke, it should be taken into consideration to control its negative impacts.

The stable complex nanostructures (figure 2) can be formed by aromatic compounds which have biradical capacity as proposed by Kosower (1968) (figure 3), and confirmed by our ESR profile (Figure 4). We hypothesized that it should put the heavy metals and nicotine in side by pushing electron aside quite long way from the centre. The complex structure resulted are nanometer size particulates with high electron dense. Each component of these complex structures are interacting each other by means of their para- and diamagnetic power. The existing free radicals contained such as NO, NO2, HCN, CO, CO2, and unsaturated Hydrocarbon, are eliminated by capturing them with scavengers applied, and leaving the non-sensitizer compounds such as naphtalenes, and quinones which have also form ligand with Ca, Ni, Fe, and Cr becoming energy ashes. The successful application of scavengers in tobacco as well as filters is indicated by fumeless ashes, odorless smoke and smaller size particles.

Figure 3: The biradical phenomena of “Aromatic + ̇OH”, a concept proposed by Dr. Kosower (1968): Hydroxyclohexadienyl (HCHD Sensitizer)

The smaller smoke particulates can be convincingly seen when observed using P- TRAK Ultrafine Particle Counter combined with Kanomax-Anemomaster Model AO31. The smoke volume calculated based on continued formulation of Bernoulli. The result was as the following figure:

Figure 4: The number smokes particles higher when scavenger sensitizers were put on the tobacco as well as laminated on the surface of the filter. This indicates the treatment enable induc smaller size of particulates as compared to the commercial Kretek

Figure 5: The biradical spectrum of Hydroxyclohexadienyl as showed by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) apparatus. The peak of triplet association are indicated by arrow

The observation of their electromagnetic resonances using Electron Spain Resonance Apparatus as seen on figure 5, indicates that the particles are excites similar to any biological complex structures such as Chlorophyll and Cytochrome.

B. The Experiments

a. Experiment 1:

Experiments are done in order to observe the capacity of smoke particulates in contributing action to develop order by observing their capability to induce complex crystals formation. The result showed many different unique architecture types of crystal structures can be developed after application of the smoke into different kind of amino acids solution (Figure 6). These crystals are easily formed when they were dried, and unique frozen structure also can be observed when they were freeze. Microscopic observation showed that the crystals are tube-like structure and having green fluorescence (Figure 7). The capacity of the smoke to induce amino acid solution forming unique complex structure when it was either dried or frozen, are interpreted as their capacity to develop order. The structure is repeatable to form consistence typical structure when it was either resolute and defreeze.

Figure 6: Crystals of threonine (A) and Manitol (B) after treated with define smoke, and spine like structure of frozen phenyl-alanin solution (C) after being smoked and freeze at -30 ̊C

Figure 7 : Crystal observed with Fluorescence microscope (A), and it’s cross sectional image of digital imaging Confocal Laser Microscopy. This figure showed tube-like structure of the crystal

b. Experiments 2

This experiment is aimed to know the effect of divine smoke on Mammalian physiology using groups of mice and rats. The result indicated that the smoke had any significant effect on animal’s vital signs such as feeding activities and their other physiological signs. Indeed the graphic shows that the body weight of treated mice are more fluctuation, but it was considered due to the effect of technique (fogging) rather than due to the toxicity of smoke. The interesting result is dealing with the effect of smoke on their body weight are the facts that when treated juvenile animals showed slower rate of increasing body weight, but the adults shows that within their mature age, the animals had shown more stabile in their body weight as compared to the control (untreated) groups (Figure 8). The experiments were done using “Kretek” cigarettes, an Indonesian specific cigarette. These cigarettes do not only contain tobacco but also mixing herbal components including clove.

Some other experiments (data not shown) are dealing with Western Cigarettes commercially available in Indonesia, showed similar results. Histological observations also done for liver, kidneys and lungs of treated mice (data not shown). It was confirmed that all tissues are normal and having any suspected different histological figure as compared to the control (untreated) groups. These histological observations were done on control and experimental animals which are daily fogged with divine smoke within the period of 6 months.

Figure 8: The effect of cigarette smoke on the body weight of mice

C. Clinical trials

The clinical trials of the divine smokes had been done involving 50 respondents in every trial. Respondents are consisting of smokers and non-smokers. Most respondents said that the use of divine filter to replace the original filter of commercial cigarettes make the smoke taste is milder and odorless as compared to its original. Some respondents had medical symptoms such as migraine, cough, fever, hardly breathings indicated better improvement (Figure 10). The data below indicate their opinion:

Smokers, male Non-Smokers, male Smokers, female Non-smokers, female

Figure 9: The number of respondents out of 50 who indicate that divine cigarette smoke is odorless

Figure 10: Number of respondents out of 50 who indicated that the filter gives milder smokes and better taste

Expectorant Heavy Breath Vertigo Fever unexpected heartburn mouth odor

Figure 11: Number of respondents stating that the divine cigarette overcoming their chronic problem

Aspirin, Ginseng and Caffeine are just some of the useful medications produced by plants. Now scientists have adapted the much maligned tobacco plant to create a drug they hope will combat HIV. UK regulators have approved the first clinical trial of specially designed antibodies that stop the virus passing from person to person.

Tobacco plants are being used to create a potentially life-saving HIV treatment

Eleven women will be treated with the topical treatment, which has been createdfrom genetically modified tobacco plants. Should it prove safe at different doses, larger trials will follow to test its effectiveness. It is hoped that the antibodies will reduce the risk of treated women from catching the disease.

The landmark trial marks the culmination of a controversial E.U funded project to develop a drug from an engineered plant and take it through all the manufacturing stages. Most drugs are currently made at great expense in fermentation vats containing bacteria or mammalian cells, but the mass production of medicines in genetically modified plants could reduce costs by as many as 100 times, making it far cheaper to produce life-saving drugs.

The HIV virus, seen here under a microscope, develops into deadly AIDs over time

Project researcher Professor Julian Ma, at St George’s, University of London, said: ‘This is a red letter day for the field. ‘The approval from the MHRA (Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency) for us to proceed with human trials is an acknowledgement that monoclonal antibodies can be made in plants to the same quality as those made using existing conventional production systems.

‘That is something many people did not believe could be achieved.’ The clinical trial is being carried out at the University of Surrey Clinical Research Centre. HIV is exchanged via bodily fluids and is most commonly spread during sex. At the end of 2008, an estimated 83,000 adults aged over 15 were living with HIV in the UK. Of these, just over a quarter did not know they were infected.

The last stage of the virus is Aids, when the patient’s immune system stops working and they develop life-threatening illnesses. Patients in western countries can live with HIV for many years thanks to antiretroviral drugs, but these are often not available in the developing world.

The active ingredient in the vaginal cream is an antibody called P2G12. If successful, the investigators will try combining it with other HIV-neutralising antibodies. The genetically modified tobacco plants producing P2G12 were grown in containment greenhouses at the Fraunhofer Institute in Aachen, Germany.

The antibody was isolated and purified in a custom-designed processing plant on the same site. It is the first time a license has been granted to manufacture engineered pharmaceutical products from plants in Europe. Professor Rainer Fischer, Pharma-Planta coordinator and Fraunhofer Director, said: ‘We now have a facility in Europe for producing modern medicines in transgenic plants that is unique in the world, although this has taken many years and much investment to establish. ‘This approval is a springboard for European plant biotechnology and will enable many important medical products to be realised.’

The researchers claim there is next to no risk of such GM plants spreading or contaminating other crops because they are contained and would not be grown on an agricultural scale.